Research and practice of integrating curriculum ideology and politics into the teaching of Chinese Materia Medica Processing / 中华医学教育探索杂志

As an elective or compulsory professional course for traditional Chinese medicine related majors in colleges and universities, Chinese Materia Medica Processing plays a role in imparting professional knowledge and skills. More importantly, the Chinese Materia Medica Processing also has a recessive role in the cultivation of professional ethics. Through in-depth excavation of the rich ideological and political education elements in the teaching of Chinese Materia Medica Processing, the seamless connection between the ideological and political elements and the knowledge module of the course is realized, and the modern Chinese Materia Medica Processing teaching mode with the organic unity of value guidance, knowledge teaching and ability training is built, so as to achieve the unity of knowledge teaching and value guidance while highlighting the professional skills training.

Research on the Cultivation of Dedication for Medical Students in Major Public Health Emergencies / 中国医学伦理学

In major public health incident emergencies, the cultivation of medicine students’ dedication is the need of the times to ensure the predecessors of health cause successors, the value highlights of people-centred, and the main demand to help the growth and development of medical students. The cultivation of medical students’ dedication in major public health emergencies is confronted with the impact of diverse social ideologies, the deconstruction of the network and the fragmentation of the cultivation, etc. On the choice of specific countermeasures, it is necessary to strengthen the education of ideals and beliefs to enhance the initiative of the times, make good use of the practical carrier to improve the effectiveness, firmly establish the classroom position to reinforce the pertinence, incorporate the main force of family and society to enhance cooperation, and practice the community of mankind common health to highlight universality.

'Flores da revolução': notas para uma pedagogia do trabalho em Paulo Freire / 'Flowers of the revolution': notes for a pedagogy of work in Paulo Freire / 'Flores de la revolución': notas para una pedagogía del trabajo en Paulo Freire

Resumo O principal objetivo deste ensaio consiste em problematizar elementos constitutivos de uma pedagogia do trabalho presente nas obras de Paulo Freire, com ênfase na experiência registrada no livro Cartas à Guiné-Bissau. Destarte, uma das ideias que desenvolvo é aquela segundo a qual Paulo Freire, ao tratar do tema da educação de adultos, no decorrer de sua experiência como educador, tratou em última análise de processos de educação de trabalhadores, um patrimônio singular de educação crítica e libertadora da classe trabalhadora. Por meio da análise das cartas guineenses em diálogo com outras obras do próprio Freire e autores do campo do materialismo histórico, observaram-se fundamentos de uma pedagogia do trabalho de natureza revolucionária e caráter anticolonial. Assim, chegou-se a seis temas pedagógicos principais relacionados à categoria trabalho: educação e trabalho produtivo; a escola do trabalho; formação de trabalhadores; educação, produção e saúde; o novo intelectual coletivo; e pedagogia da luta e descolonização das mentalidades. 'Flores da revolução' consiste em um texto que celebra o fecundo legado teórico-metodológico freiriano, herdado pelo processo revolucionário de Guiné-Bissau, bem como comemora os cem anos de nascimento de Paulo Freire em 2021.

Abstract The main objective of this essay is to problematize constitutive elements of a pedagogy of work present in the works of Paulo Freire, with emphasis on the experience recorded in the book Cartas à Guiné-Bissau. Thus, one of the ideas that I develop is that according to which Paulo Freire, when dealing with the subject of adult education, in the course of his experience as an educator, ultimately dealt with the processes of worker education, a unique heritage of critical and liberating education of the working class. Through the analysis of Guinean letters in dialogue with other works by Freire himself and authors in the field of historical materialism, the foundations of a pedagogy of work of a revolutionary nature and anti-colonial character were observed. Thus, we arrived at six main pedagogical themes related to the work category: education and productive work; the school of work; training of workers formation; education, production and health; the new collective intellectual; and pedagogy of struggle and decolonization of mentalities. 'Flowers of the revolution' consists of a text that celebrates Freire's fertile theoretical-methodological legacy, inherited by the revolutionary process of Guinea-Bissau, as well as commemorating the 100th anniversary of Paulo Freire's birth in 2021.

Resumen El principal objectivo de este ensayo consiste en problematizar elementos constitutivos de una pedagogía del trabajo presente en las obras de Paulo Freire, con enfásis en la experiencia registrada en el libro Cartas à Guinea-Bissau. Sin embargo, una de las ideas que desarollo aquí es aquella según la cual Paulo Freire, al tratar del tema de la educación de los adultos, a lo largo de su experiencia como educador, se ocupó, en última análisis, de procesos de educación de trabajadores, un património singular de la educación crítica y libertadora de la clase obrera. A través del análisis de las cartas guineanas, en diálogo con otras obras del propio Freire y autores del campo del materialismo histórico, se observaron fundamentos de una pedagogía del trabajo de naturaleza revolucionaria y caracter anticolonial. De esta forma, se llegó a seis principales temas relacionados a la categoría trabajo: educación y trabajo productivo; la escuela del trabajo; formación de trabajadores; educación, producción y salud; el nuevo intelectual colectivo; y pedagogía de la lucha y descolonización de las mentalidades. 'Flores de la revolución' consiste en un texto que celebra el fecundo legado teórico-metodológico de la obra de Freire, heredado por el proceso revolucionario de Guinea-Bissau, así como celebra los cien años de nascimiento de Paulo Freire en 2021.

"A sociedade socialista não pode permitir esse tipo de degenerações". As UMAP como dispositivos disciplinares da revolução cubana / "La sociedad socialista no puede permitir ese tipo de degeneraciones". Las UMAP como dispositivos disciplinares de la revolución cubana / "Socialist society cannot allow such degenerations. " The UMAP as disciplinary devices of the Cuban revolution

Resumo: O presente artigo resulta da problematização sobre o fenômeno da repressão a setores marginados da sociedade cubana nos primeiros anos da Revolução (1965 a 1968), especificamente contra homossexuais, religiosos, artistas e intelectuais. Partindo da perspectiva foucaultiana, analisamos o contexto sociopolítico em que se desenvolveram estas ações, onde o discurso do líder Fidel Castro teve um papel decisivo. Passando logo à análise dos mecanismos através dos quais se desenvolvia uma estratégia disciplinar e de normalização das pessoas que representavam um modelo distinto ao estabelecido oficialmente. Esta estratégia resultou no dispositivo conhecido como UMAP. Além disso, se reflete sobre o papel da Psiquiatria cubana na implementação destas estratégias e as principais normas jurídicas que outorgaram legalidade a estes dispositivos disciplinares.

Resumen: Este artículo surge de la problematización del fenómeno de la represión contra sectores marginados de la sociedad cubana en los primeros años de la Revolución (1965 a 1968), específicamente contra homosexuales, religiosos, artistas e intelectuales. Partiendo de la perspectiva foucaultiana, analizamos el contexto sociopolítico en el que se desarrollaron estas acciones, donde el discurso del líder Fidel Castro jugó un papel decisivo. Pasando al análisis de los mecanismos a través de los cuales se desarrolló una estrategia disciplinaria y de normalización para personas que representaban un modelo diferente al establecido oficialmente. Esta estrategia dio como resultado el dispositivo conocido como UMAP. Además, reflexiona sobre el papel de la Psiquiatría cubana en la implementación de estas estrategias y las principales normas legales que han otorgado legalidad a estas disposiciones disciplinarias.

Abstract: This article results from the problematization of the phenomenon of repression of marginalized sectors of Cuban society in the first years of the Revolution (1965 to 1968), specifically against homosexuals, religious, artists and intellectuals. Starting from the foucaultian perspective, we analyze the socio-political context in which these actions developed, where the speech of the leader Fidel Castro played a decisive role. Moving on to the analysis of the mechanisms through which a disciplinary and standardization strategy was developed for people who represented a model different from the one officially established. This strategy resulted in the device known as UMAP. In addition, it reflects on the role of Cuban Psychiatry in the implementation of these strategies and the main legal norms that have given legality to these disciplinary devices.

The controversial Third Reich history of Hans Creutzfeldt: was he a supporter or just another adept of the "hand washing policy"? / A controversa história do terceiro reich de Hans Creutzfeldt: seria ele um apoiador ou apenas outro adepto da "política de lavagem das mãos"?

ABSTRACT Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy whose initial description is associated with two German authors, Alfons Maria Jakob and Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt. As polemic as the issue about the Creutzfeldt's merit in the first description of the disease, is his history during the Third Reich. Some evidence pointed to the idea that he was essentially against the Nazi ideology, though some did not. He was an official member of the SS, but his own wife was convicted by a Nazi court. Some authors have argued that Creutzfeldt helped save many patients during Aktion T4 operation, but, in fact, he could have done more. Even during the post-war period, he sent a letter to authorities reporting the name of a Nazi physician who worked as a medical reviewer at the euthanasia court, but he did not proceed any further when his letter initially failed to start an investigation.

RESUMO A doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (DCJ) é uma encefalopatia espongiforme transmissível, cuja descrição original está associada ao nome de dois autores alemães, Alfons Maria Jakob e Hans Gerhard Creuztfeldt. Tão polêmica quanto a questão sobre o real mérito de Creutzfeldt na primeira descrição da doença, é sua história de vida durante o Terceiro Reich. Algumas evidências apontavam para a ideia de que ele era essencialmente contra a ideologia nazista, mas outras não. Ele foi um membro oficial da SS, mas sua própria esposa foi condenada por um tribunal nazista. Alguns autores têm argumentado que Creutzfeldt ajudou a salvar muitos pacientes durante a operação Aktion T4, mas, na verdade, ele poderia ter feito muito mais. Mesmo durante o período pós-guerra, ele enviou uma carta às autoridades revelando o nome de um médico nazista que havia se empregado como revisor médico na corte sobre eutanásia, mas ele não insistiu mais quando sua carta inicialmente não desencadeou uma investigação.

Carlos Marx y José Martí: coincidencias en las concepciones sociopolíticas y culturales / Coincidences in the social-political and cultural conceptions of Carlos Marx and José Martí

RESUMEN El presente estudio está dirigido a establecer coincidencias entre el pensamiento de José Martí y de Carlos Marx en el terreno filosófico. Ambos representan los más altos exponentes del saber filosófico y humanista de la cultura europea y latinoamericana del siglo XIX, respectivamente, con un alcance genuinamente universal. No fue objetivo en modo alguno convertir a Martí en marxista, del mismo modo que sería absurdo afiliar a Marx a las ideas y las concepciones martianas. Sin embargo, no es posible dejar de subrayar la profundidad del ideario martiano en el terreno filosófico, político, social y económico y sus aproximaciones a las concepciones marxistas o al socialismo científico.

ABSTRACT The present study is directed to establish coincidences between the thought of José Martí and Carlos Marx in the philosophical area. Both are represented by the highest exponents of the philosophical and humanist knowledge of the European and Latin-American culture of the 19th century, respectively, with an authentically universal scope. It was not objective in any way to turn Martí into Marxist, in the same way that it would be absurd to affiliate Marx to the ideas and the Martí´s conceptions. Nevertheless, it is not possible to stop underlining the depth of the Martí´s ideology in the philosophical, political, social and economic area and his approaches to the Marxist conceptions or to the scientific socialism.

A categoria saúde na perspectiva da saúde do trabalhador: ensaio sobre interações, resistências e práxis / The health category in the perspective of worker's health: an essay about interaction, resistances and praxis

RESUMO O principal intento deste ensaio consiste em retomar de modo crítico a perspectiva de saúde sob o enfoque da saúde do trabalhador, reavendo alguns dos seus marcos teóricos constitutivos. Lançou-se mão, como base principal de estudo, de obras seminais pertencentes ao campo, a saber: a medicina social latino-americana e os estudos operários italianos. Além disso, serviram de apoio publicações de autores brasileiros que examinam a configuração teórica, política e metodológica do campo, procurando conferir 'identidade própria' à saúde do trabalhador. Chegou-se a três teses capitais que foram desenvolvidas em diálogo com autores da tradição de pensamento do materialismo histórico.

ABSTRACT The main intention of this essay consists in critically analysing the perspective of health under the focus of worker's health, recovering some of its constitutive theorical milestones. Seminal literature of the field, such as Latin American social Medicine and studies of the Italian workers, was used as a main base of this study. Besides, publications of Brazilian authors, which assess the theorical, political and methodological configuration of the field and seek to provide 'self-identity' to worker's health, also supported this essay. We have come to three capital theses which were developed in dialogues with authors of the tradition of the historical materialism thinking.

Socialismo cien años después / Socialism one hundred years later

A los 17 años del siglo XXI, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo reivindicar el imaginario socialista frente al fracaso del capitalismo, y de los propios errores de las diferentes experiencias de transformación social. Cien años de aniversario de la primera experiencia socialista en el mundo, se toma como motivación para reflexionar sobre las posibles temáticas de la agenda de la ciencia del socialismo; en la delimitación de la evaluación del socialismo, como proyecto histórico monumental, entre la necesidad del cambio social y el cómo hacerlo.

The aim of this article is to claim the socialist imaginary in the face of the failure of capitalism and the mistakes of the different experiences of social transformation. One hundred years of the first socialist experience in the world, is taken as a motivation to reflect on the possible themes of the socialist science agenda; in the delimitation of the evaluation of socialism, as a monumental historical project, between the need for social change and how to do it.

O movimento da nova reconstrução rural e alguns experimentos sociais na China contemporânea / The new rural reconstruction moviment and some social experiments in contemporary China

Este trabalho consiste em uma mescla entre notas e observações efetuadas em campo e dados de textos de pesquisa, informações da imprensa e também de vários pesquisadores, sobre o movimento da "Nova Reconstrução Rural na China" e de algumas comunidades que mantêm o legado das experiências de socialismo construído no período das Comunas Populares. Todas essas experiências são discutidas na maneira de como se relacionam de uma forma ou de outra ao hukou e à forma social de propriedade da terra na China. Estes, segundo o anúncio da Terceira Sessão Plenária do Décimo Oitavo Comitê Central do Partido Comunista da China, devem ser gradativamente suprimidos. Discutimos neste trabalho as possíveis dificuldades que essas transformações poderão causar nessas experiências que ainda buscam manter o "Estado Comunista", segundo a epígrafe, e os possíveis impactos nas relações campo-cidade, nas migrações internas e sobre o padrão de desenvolvimento decorrentes da efetiva implementação dessas medidas.

This article approaches notes made in the field reserach and taken from literature data, press reports and several researchers about the social movement of the "New Rural Reconstruction in China." Some communities maintain the legacy of socialism experiences built during the period of the People's Communes in that country. These experiences are linked directly or indirectly to the Hukou system and the social framework of land ownership in China. According to the announcement of the 3rd Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, this system and framework should be gradually abolished. We discuss in this article the possible difficulties that these changes may cause on those experiences that still seek to maintain the "Communist state", and the possible impacts on rural-urban relations, internal migration and the pattern of development stemming from the effective implementation of these measures.

Psychiatry in Former Socialist Countries: Implications for North Korean Psychiatry

Very little information is available regarding psychiatry in North Korea, which is based on the legacy of Soviet psychiatry. This paper reviews the characteristics of psychiatry in former socialist countries and discusses its implications for North Korean psychiatry. Under socialism, psychiatric disorders were attributed primarily to neurophysiologic or neurobiological origins. Psychosocial or psychodynamic etiology was denied or distorted in line with the political ideology of the Communist Party. Psychiatry was primarily concerned with psychotic disorders, and this diagnostic category was sometimes applied based on political considerations. Neurotic disorders were ignored by psychiatry or were regarded as the remnants of capitalism. Several neurotic disorders characterized by high levels of somatization were considered to be neurological or physical in nature. The majority of "mental patients" were institutionalized for a long periods in large-scale psychiatric hospitals. Treatment of psychiatric disorders depended largely on a few outdated biological therapies. In former socialist countries, psychodynamic psychotherapy was not common, and psychiatric patients were likely to experience social stigma. According to North Korean doctors living in South Korea, North Korean psychiatry is heavily influenced by the aforementioned traditions of psychiatry. During the post-socialist transition, the suicide rate in many of these countries dramatically increased. Given such mental health crises in post-socialist transitional societies, the field of psychiatry may face major challenges in a future unified Korea.

El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba, tratado axiológico para el profesional de la salud / El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba, an axiological treatise for health professionals

El estudio del El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba, de Ernesto Guevara de la Serna, tiene una gran importancia para el análisis de la concepción del hombre nuevo. En este trabajo se brinda una nueva visión desde un enfoque axiológico. Asimismo, se divulga el sistema de valores presentes en la obra que contribuyen a la formación del profesional de la salud, a partir de la figura del Che.

The study of El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba (Socialism and man in Cuba) of Ernesto Guevara de la Serna is of great importance to analyze the concept of the new man. The article reviews the book from an axiological approach, as well as pointing out its system of values, which is a contribution to the education of health professionals.

La compulsión al trabajo y el porvenir de otra ilusión / Compulsion for work and the future of other illusion / La compulsion au travail et l’avenir d’autre illusion

El artículo examina los dos primeros capítulos de El porvenir de una ilusión de Freud, donde aparece la formulación de dos bases que soportan la cultura. Esta fórmula, planteada en 1927 a diez años de comenzar la revolución bolchevique, toma la economía política como punto de arranque y llega a la psicología con terminología enteramente psicoanalítica: renuncia pulsional y compulsión al trabajo. Pero en el primer capítulo examina Freud otra ilusión del mundo contemporáneo: una Edad de Oro. El escrito descubre, detrás de esta alusión, el marxismo o por lo menos algunos ideales socialistas...

The article studies the two first chapters of The future is an illusion by Freud, where the formulation of two thesis than holds the culture appear. This formula was posed in 1927, ten years before the Bolshevik revolution started. Takes the political economy as beginning point and arrives at the psychology full of psychoanalytic terminology: drive renunciation and compulsion for work. Freud studies in the first chapter other illusion of the contemporary world: a Golden Age. The paper discover, behind this allusion, the Marxism or at least some socialist ideals...

Ce travail examine les deux premiers chapitres de L’Avenir d’autre illusion par Freud, où la formulation de deux bases qui supportent la culture apparaît. Cette formule, avancée en 1927 -10 ans avant la révolution bolchevique- prend l’économie politique en tant que point de départ et elle arrive à la psychologie avec une terminologie entièrement psychanalytique: l’abandon pulsionnelle et la compulsion au travail. Dans le premier chapitre, néanmoins, Freud examine une autre illusion du monde contemporain: une Age d’Or. Derrière cette allusion, ce chapitre met en évidence le marxisme ou au moins certains idéaux socialistes...